Using a Scavenger Hunt to Track WHO Code Violations
Researchers utilized an online scavenger hunt app called GooseChase to engage volunteers in four countries—Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Participants were asked to identify and photograph marketing violations of breast-milk substitutes in their communities.
While most of us in the lactation and public health fields know that WHO Code violations are common, their true extent and diversity have not been well documented—especially in digital spaces. By collecting real-world photos and evidence, the researchers were able to quantify the scope of these marketing violations for the first time across multiple countries.
What the Study Found
The study documented 138 violations of the WHO Code, including:
Widespread digital marketing violations across all four countries.
False and unsubstantiated claims on breast-milk substitute (BMS) products.
A lack of clear preparation, handling, and storage instructions on infant formula labels.
Marketing within healthcare facilities, where such promotions are strictly prohibited.
These findings confirm what many practitioners already observe: predatory marketing practices are not isolated incidents—they are a systemic global issue.
Why These Violations Matter
These unethical marketing tactics undermine parents’ confidence and interfere with families’ ability to make informed feeding choices. They can negatively impact breastfeeding initiation and duration, especially when vulnerable families are targeted with misleading messages about infant formula.
As the study shows, the problem is not just the existence of violations—it’s the lack of enforcement. The WHO Code provides a strong foundation, but without national legislation and accountability, it remains a set of ideals rather than a force for protection.
The Call to Action: Legislate and Enforce the WHO Code
It’s time to give the WHO Code the legal strength it deserves. Families deserve protection from misleading marketing and the freedom to make truly informed feeding decisions.
We must move beyond acknowledging the problem to enacting and enforcing the Code in every country.
Because our families deserve no less—and, quite honestly, they deserve so much more. Because every mom deserves to have all her ways be Milky Ways.
It’s World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) and National Breastfeeding Month (NBM)! This time of year, we come together to celebrate our successes, reflect on the challenges we’ve overcome and those that are still ahead, to continue our momentum and reignite passion and purpose.
The 2024 World Breastfeeding Week campaign’s focus is on survival, health and wellbeing. It showcases the need to improve breastfeeding support to reduce inequalities that exist in our society with a special focus on breastfeeding in times of emergencies and crises. There are so many ways to engage. Check out this interactive map here.
And this year’s NBM theme, Nourish, Sustain, Thrive, shines a light on why protecting, promoting, and supporting lactation is so important for the human life cycle. This summer, we honor the incredible work that organizations are doing to make the world a little more friendly for new parents and families, and highlight how individuals, funders, and policymakers can contribute to a strong and sustainable lactation field.
We are excited to kick off NBM sharing a short Q&A with U.S. Breastfeeding Committee’s Senior Collective Impact Coordinator Erin Fortuna, IBCLC. Among her many amazing achievements, Fortuna designed the beautiful NBM logo.
Fortuna’s personal, adverse experiences with birth and breastfeeding in 2017 led her down the path of wanting to make a difference for people in her community, particularly in service to LGBTQIA+ families. As a queer parent, she became a peer-to-peer lactation counselor because she says she wanted to better support those who wished to feed their babies human milk. This ultimately led her to her journey toward becoming an IBCLC. In 2022, when she came to the USBC, she was newly postpartum with her second child and “knee-deep in the throes of [on-cue] nursing a 3-month-old, constant diaper changes, and all the challenges that come along with new parenthood…at the same time navigating a career change.”
“The USBC was so incredibly accommodating, which enabled me to nurse on demand for an additional two-and-a-half years,” Fortuna continues. “I knew that my ‘luck’ in having this flexibility shouldn’t be luck at all – this should be the standard! From paid leave to equitable lactation support compensation, this journey is a long and winding road toward change, and I am grateful to be a part of such a hardworking team dedicated to a vision for thriving families and communities.”
Q: What else makes you proud to be a part of USBC?
A: Honestly, so much work happens behind the scenes at the USBC, and this is exciting for me! I get to see organizations come together to collaboratively work on a common goal and knock down barriers that previously separated them. I get to learn from those in the field who are breaking barriers to get the work done and carving their own path to progress. I get to be there to support and celebrate legislative wins and learn how to navigate the disappointment when efforts become derailed or stalled. It’s pretty incredible to watch these building blocks get stacked at the USBC and built as a collective!
Q: What are you most looking forward to this NBM?
A: I love seeing how many organizations and community-led initiatives create events and celebrations for National Breastfeeding Month. From cultural weekly celebrations to milk banks to hospitals to lactation support programs, every year, I look forward to seeing photos of celebrations and achievements shared with the USBC! It’s a really exciting time, and the momentum from all the awareness generated and the actions taken in support and celebration of NBM-related activities can continue to have an impact year-round.
Q: You created the NBM logo to reflect “a special harmony and peace that aligns when a nursing dyad’s needs are met.” Can you please describe your approach to creating the design?
A: I have been exploring the possibilities of AI generation as it relates to people and faces. We have such limited access to stock images that it becomes challenging to not use the same parent-and-baby or breastfeeding-baby photo that the rest of the field is using. The USBC does have a photo gallery that organizations can use for non-commercial, educational purposes, but I was looking for a new face! With the help of AI tools, I was able to generate a generic likeness of a dyad that harnessed feelings of harmony and togetherness. From that image, I creatively styled it to reflect a more illustrated and colorful feel. I really wanted it to feel vibrant and lively but also “close to home” for those partners and organizations that would ultimately use it. My hope is that even if the likeness of the dyad doesn’t resonate with folks, the warm embrace between the parent and baby will.
One of my favorite things about NBM is seeing the creativity behind each weekly observance logo and how each organization makes its celebration(s) unique. I like to collect things that support the efforts of these observances like stickers and t-shirts. I have a whole drawer full of them at home!
Q: What’s the best way for folks to get involved with USBC’s important work during NBM?
A: Be sure to subscribe to USBC communications! In each edition of our Weekly Wire newsletter, starting in mid-July and ending in mid-September, there is a special section related to National Breastfeeding Month activities. We have a searchable archive of past editions, a form to submit news and information for future issues, and an open call to the field asking for NBM-related activities that the USBC can amplify. Our team sends emails throughout NBM: offering opportunities to celebrate, learn, connect, and take action to help create a landscape of breastfeeding support for families across the U.S. We hope your readership will join us in making a difference this National Breastfeeding Month!
A few more suggestions from OMW on how to participate in WBW, NBM and beyond
This summer, we are revisiting some of our previous publications as they relate to various national celebrations. This week, we’re celebrating fathers with our 2017 piece “Fathers profoundly influence breastfeeding outcomes”, a piece highlighting Muswamba Mwamba’s, MS, MPH, IBCLC, RLC work with families.
——
At a WIC clinic a few miles north of Dallas in an immigrant community, a pregnant woman confided in a male peer counselor–part of the WIC Peer Dads Program— that she wanted to breastfeed her baby. Her boyfriend wasn’t at all interested in supporting this journey though. The counselor offered to speak to the father; the mother agreed, so the counselor called him just then. Ring, ring, ring. After introductions, this conversation ensued:
Counselor: We heard you have an issue with breastfeeding.
Father: So you are calling me to convince me that breastmilk is better?
Counselor: No, I just want to give you some information.
Father: I will come to your office. You prove to me that breastfeeding is better.
The next morning, the father arrived at the clinic before it opened.
Source: United States Breastfeeding Committee
“Tell me why she should breastfeed,” the father demanded of the counselor, who was feeling rather intimidated.
The counselor replied: Forty-five years down the road, your unborn son is guaranteed to be the president of the United States. What are you going to do today?
The father looked at him perplexed and laughed.
“You tell me,” his retort.
The counselor handed him a sheet of paper instructing him to write these letters: B-R-E-A-S-T-F-E-E-D, providing corresponding ‘benefits’ to breastfeeding with each letter. (B is for bonding and so on.)
“Dude! You’re good,” the father exclaimed, changing his demeanor. “Ok, you got me,” he agreed to open his mind to breastfeeding.
Mwamba demonstrates ways to hold baby during a class for parents .
Muswamba Mwamba, MS, MPH, IBCLC, RLC, a public health nutritionist, told me this story during a fascinating interview for Our Milky Way. Having worked in nutrition for nearly three decades, Mwamba has acquired a brilliance for carefully interpreting and reflecting on the stories of the people he encounters.
“The guy was bold,” Mwamba remembers of the father. In fact, the father planned to dump his pregnant girlfriend after she became pregnant.
“A lot of men may know how to change diapers, know how to carry the baby,” Mwamba begins. “But something they don’t know is how to befriend the woman. When they don’t know, they run away.”
This couple’s story took a happy turn. Mwamba reports that they married with their peer counselor as their witness.
“You saved my relationship,” the father heartfully expressed his gratitude to the counselor.
After serving nearly 10 years as the City of Dallas WIC Peer Dads Program Coordinator, Mwamba is currently Director to Reaching Our Brothers Everywhere (ROBE), a descendant of Reaching Our Sisters Everywhere (ROSE). ROSE and ROBE are dedicated to reducing breastfeeding disparities among African Americans.
But Mwamba’s career goals didn’t always point specifically to breastfeeding. Always fascinated by nutrition as the foundation of health, Mwamba found himself in a microbiology lab in Belgium completing two master’s degrees in Food Science and Technology and Agricultural Engineering & Human Nutrition.
He quickly realized that he “prefers people to mice.” So when Mwamba, a Congolese native, came to the States in 1997, he searched for a doctoral program that might better fit his passion for behavioral science. Mwamba made his way to Columbia University in 1999 where he studied Nutrition Education, exploring the intersections between science and behavior, environment and genes.
At the time, Mwamba remembers being happy to be in the U.S. but in retrospect, he says he realizes he was naive about racial disparities in health care. It wasn’t until later that he learned about the historical forces in the United States that make health disparities a reality.
Mwamba pictured with colleagues Brenda Reyes and Mona Liza Hamlin.
“Thinking backward, I didn’t see anyone in my class who was local; they were all caucasian female,” Mwamba recalls.
Except for himself of course, the only Black man, and an immigrant at that. Institutions have policies written to encourage diversity, Mwamba begins.
“When they see Black, they see diversity,” he says. These policies ignore the heterogeneity of Black culture.
“As an immigrant, I was privileged when I got the scholarship,” he explains. Mwamba already held two master’s degrees and had seen the world. His experience was vastly different from those of the People of Color living in the community he was to serve.
“We have the same color of skin, but not the same stories, not the same backgrounds,” he reiterates.
Mwamba adds that African immigrants are the fastest growing and most educated group of immigrants in the U.S. From 2000 to 2004, four percent of immigrants in the U.S. were African. Today, African immigrants account for 8 to 10 percent, he reports.
Mwamba stresses, money needs to be properly allocated to serve those in need.
“The gap is increasing within the [Black] community,” he says of health disparities. “…Diversity is not the solution for the disparity.”
Little did he know, his opportunity to work to close this gap and to give a voice to “the folks who think they have nothing to say because nobody ever listened to them” was just around the corner.
Discussing a course’s simplicity with his professor at Columbia one day, a woman from Ghana happened to be listening in on their conversation. She was the director of a WIC clinic and recruited Mwamba as a nutritionist one year later.
Mwamba was instantly fascinated by the components of artificial baby milk, inspired by the questions his clients asked, and curious about the effects of clients’ infant feeding experiences.
He noticed that mothers who fed their babies formula often came to the clinic with various complaints.
Then there was a woman he remembers who exclusively breastfed her baby for one year. When she came in, she seemed happy and had only one concern: Why hadn’t her period returned yet?
Mwamba needed to do some research. He read everything he could. He worked to develop appropriate language to discuss infant feeding with his clients.
He began to grasp delicate intricacies like the sexualization of breasts in America. One client in particular expressed concern about her baby touching her “boobs.” (As a self-taught Anglophone, Mwamba never encountered “boobs” in his literature.)
As he discovered more and more about breastfeeding, he shared the information with his team. Mwamba became a breastfeeding champion.
In 2003, Mwamba moved to a WIC clinic in Dallas. Here, he received structured training through breastfeeding modules.
In 2005 he and his wife, an OB/GYN, welcomed their first babies to the world, a three pound baby girl and a four pound baby boy. Over the next couple of years, they added three more children to their family. Mwamba spent several months at home with their infants.
Source: United States Breastfeeding Committee
Aware that a primary reason a mother chooses not to breastfeed is her perception of the father’s attitude toward infant feeding, Mwamba launched the City of Dallas WIC Peer Dad program. The program was promptly a success.
Perhaps most importantly, the clinic was already breastfeeding-friendly. Secondly, there were several men already working in the clinic– including Mwamba who understood rich, complex immigrant culture. As Kimberly Seals Allers puts it, “The experience of being interpreted is different from the experience of being understood.”
Family photos
Mwamba and his team worked by the motto Prepare, Equip and Empower.
They validated men in their role as a father and gave them tools like how to speak up and say, “Hello, I’m here!” when others failed to recognize their presence.
“Equip the father with tools they can use today,” Mwamba begins. “If you start talking about the future, they won’t get the information. Meet people where they are.”
Mwamba started conversations with his clients in an attempt to get fathers to connect with their relationships with their fathers; Emotion is more valuable than hard science.
For instance Mwamba describes one client, the father of five children, who “was over six feet tall with dreadlocks and his underwear showing.” He remembers this client had an air about him: I’m the dude here.
Mwamba discussed with him his role to protect and provide for his family. He asked, “Is there a man you look up to?” The father reported that he had a close relationship with his big brother. Mwamba wondered if he looked to his own father as a hero, or if he would change his relationship with his father. At that, the father’s voice cracked. He began to sob. This father was in the position to reflect on his role as a father and accept the influence he would have on his family. And a father’s role is profound. When he is indifferent about breastfeeding, mothers will breastfeed 26 percent of the time; if he is pro-breastfeeding, mothers will breastfeed 98 percent of the time.
Tapping into the generalization that “men like the brag,” Mwamba and his colleagues encouraged their clients to spread forth their infant feeding experiences into their communities.
In his years working with the peer counselor program, Mwamba listened to stories that seriously question one’s capacity to have hope in humanity. In these moments, he didn’t have a script. Whatever rage he felt, whatever sympathy he bestowed, he couldn’t find a book or a module to learn how to accept the rawness, the vulnerability of his clients. Instead, Mwamba offered his presence and his willingness to listen, learn and understand.
Check out the rest of Our Milky Way‘s collection celebrating dads here.
Towbin admires her grandchild in this recent photo.
Many of Lucy Ellen Towbin’s, LCSW endeavors are defined by nourishment. By the time she was two, Towbin was producing art and as she has continued to make multimedia art into her 70s, she nourishes her Self. As the eldest of four children, Towbin helped provide for her
younger siblings in their childhood. In her 30s, as a new mother, she nourished her children. As a social worker and lactation care provider, she supported other dyads in their infant feeding efforts. Later, Towbin started a business (which has since been sold) that offers clean, dehydrated parrot pellets, so that she and other parrot-owners could escape reliance on industry-produced pet food which usually contains additives and food coloring that parrots are particularly sensitive to.
During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, Towbin retired from the
Arkansas Health Department, and while she no longer holds her IBCLC
credential, she continues to assist new mothers informally. Towbin now
practices as a part-time therapist for a psychotherapy clinic in
Arkansas.
The last time Towbin graced Our Milky Way was back in 2017 when we
featured the breastfeeding art contest she facilitated through the
Arkansas Breastfeeding Coalition.
We’re pleased to have chatted with Towbin as part of our Where are they now? series. Responses have been edited for brevity.
Towbin poses with Ruth Lawrence roughly a decade ago.
How did you become interested in maternal child health?
The first job I had at the Department of Health was as the refugee health program coordinator. We worked with mostly refugees from Southeast Asia. I was really interested in and intrigued by the difference in how
they were taking care of their children. They slept with their babies, which I’m sure plenty of people in the U.S. still did quietly, but back then, no one was talking about it.
During a panel discussion we once held, a speaker from Laos shared
that his six children born in Laos were breastfed, and the five children
born in the States were bottle-fed. This is when I really became
interested in the cultural aspects that affect infant feeding, and I started
to try to figure out what was going on.
Is there a current trend, project or organization that excites you?
I’m really not that up-to-date about trends in lactation, but what does
excite me are the portable pumps that working moms can wear. A close
friend of my daughter’s is a nurse practitioner and she showed me her
pump that she wears under her white jacket as she walks around seeing
patients. It makes almost no noise and it’s amazing because you don’t
even know that it’s under there. That would’ve been so incredible for me
to have as a working breastfeeding mom.
When I was working outside of the home, it was really difficult; even La
Leche League wasn’t very supportive of working moms at the time. With
my first child, I had a manual pump and my own office, but the pump was
miserable. It hurt and wasn’t that effective. With my second child, I
stayed home longer with him and then he wouldn’t take a bottle, so I
didn’t do that much pumping. When I went back to work, my mother took
care of him and she lived close to where I was working, so I would nurse
him before work, and then drive back and forth to her house to feed him
about every two hours. It was a lot of back and forth.
What is the most significant change you’ve noticed within maternal child health?
I have a very small sample size to talk about significant changes. All I
know is from my daughter and her friends. I’ve noticed that there seems
to be less unmedicated births happening in the hospital. I know there are
still a lot of people choosing home birth. But of those having babies in
the hospital, I haven’t heard about anyone doing what I did and having
mine in the hospital, but with no pain medicine or IV or anything. I was
lucky to find the physicians that I did who went along with my wishes. I
would expect there would be more supportive physicians now and instead, I don’t hear about any. I do want to reiterate that my observations are based on just a small group.
What is your best piece of advice for the next generation of lactation care providers?
The most helpful lesson combines my training as both a therapist and
lactation consultant. New mothers need so much emotional support.
They don’t need people to take care of the baby. Bringing food and running errands for them is helpful. But I think what gets overlooked is
how much they need to be told that they’re going to make it, that they will
survive this early period of no sleep, and not knowing if they are doing a
good job. They need reassurance that this difficult time is normal and
they need to be told they will get through this.
My best piece of advice for the next generation is to take a holistic
approach, don’t just emphasize the physical exam. Equally important is
how much sleep the mother is getting, what she is eating, if she is
getting exercise, if she has family and friends supporting her, if she has a
plan for if she’s going to be working outside of the home. It’s important to
equip new moms with coping strategies like easy breathing exercises or
something when she is feeling stressed that are doable in short time
frames and at home.
Where do you envision yourself in the next decade?
Asking someone my age where I see myself in the next ten years is
basically just hoping I’m still healthy and active! I do all the right things
and have good genes, so I’m on the pathway to that, but you never
know. Appreciate good health and youthful energy if you still have it.
The peafowl is a bird known for attracting attention. Whether flaunting their colorful, unfurled plumage or delivering a resounding cry, peafowl are undoubtedly expressive, insistent creatures.
Occasionally, when Healthy Children Project’s Carin Richter, RN, MSN, APN-BC, IBCLC, CCBE hosts Lactation Counselor Training Course (LCTC) competencies from her Florida home, a curious peacock will poke its head into the frame of the video call demanding attention from her and the participants.
“The big inquisitive bird insists on being part of the session on breastfeeding!” Richter exclaims.
Since we featured her last, Richter has fully retired from her responsibilities at St. Anthony’s Medical Center in Rockford, Ill. and now helps facilitate the online LCTC once a week.
Then
and now.
Our Milky Way caught up with Richter this winter as part of our Where are they now? series.
Now 70 years old, Richter shares with a stirring of anger, worry and dismay in her tone: “Women’s health… We are in crisis mode. I’m personally struggling with any kind of optimism.”
She cites a few culprits: a political climate that tolerates division and disrespect, the marginalization of maternal child health issues, and the stripping of rights as marked by the reversal of Roe v. Wade.
From these ruins, Richter has constructed several lessons. For one, she implores us to become politically involved.
“Keep women’s issues right smack dab in the conversation,” she advises. “Look around. Search out areas where you can sit at that decision making table.”
Political involvement, Richter suggests, can come in the form of participating on a shared governance board, community advisory boards, church councils, and rotary clubs. Engagement doesn’t need to look like shaking hands with the mayor.
She continues, “My friends always say, ‘Oh Carin, you never have one conversation without the word breast coming through.’ We need to live that! Because if we don’t we’re going to lose what we have.”
Photo by Nicole Arango Lang on Unsplash
In other words, be a peafowl. Demand attention.
Richter lays out what happens when we don’t.
During her nursing career, Richter and her colleagues’ involvement with the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) eventually gave rise to seven hospitals in her area being designated by 2013. As of 2022, only one of those hospitals had retained their designation.
“Because there was no one sitting at the decision making table speaking for the initiative, administration lost sight of it and breastfeeding took a back seat or perhaps didn’t have a seat at all,” Richter reflects. “No one spoke of keeping breastfeeding issues in the forefront. It’s an experience that brings me to tears.”
Another insight she’s gained is the difficulty in beginning and sustaining a community-based lactation business. She watched friends with solid business plans, well-researched proposals, and passionate ambitions to help dyads get crushed by lack of insurance reimbursement, lack of mentorship and lack of collaboration.
“We need a lot of work on that front,” Richter comments.
She suggests a reimagination of the way lactation services are viewed where insurances and companies recognize the importance of breastfeeding and elevate lactation support to a professional state.
For instance, while working at the hospital, Richter brainstormed ways to give value to and justify the services of in-house lactation care providers. She found that postpartum breastfeeding support offered in-hospital resulted in a marked increase in patient satisfaction scores. A creative solution suggested that initial lactation and breast care be embedded in the room rate available for all patients, not billed as a separate line item, allowing for a higher reimbursement rate, Richter explains.
Photo by Hannah Barata: https://www.pexels.com/photo/woman-having-skin-to-skin-contact-with-her-newborn-baby-19782322/
After retirement from the clinical setting, Richter cared for her aging parents. She says she felt the pinch many women of today experience as they juggle personal, familial and work responsibilities.
As she lived the struggle to find workable solutions for the care of her elder parents, she says she was surprised to find that barriers were similar to those she encountered while working for change in the community surrounding breastfeeding. For both, breastfeeding and elder care, resources are often limited, frequently expensive, and often inaccessible or unavailable.
Her focus now has broadened from maternal child health advocacy to the broader realm of family care issues. She finds herself
advocating for maternal child health and family care issues like pay equity and affordable child care.
“The struggle continues across the continuum, in arenas frequently dominated by women who bear the majority of responsibility,” Richter reflects.
Despite a sometimes discouraging climate, Richter says she sees “little bright spots” here and there.
“Not a week goes by that I don’t have a [medical professional] seeking lactation credentialing… I am thrilled with this,” she begins. The practitioners seeking lactation credentials are not only specializing in women’s health; instead they’re an interdisciplinary group of folks, a sign that breastfeeding and lactation care is breaking free from siloed confines.
“This is what keeps me excited,” Richter says. “More knowledgeable, eager voices speaking for mothers and babies.”
Looking back, Richter remembers when it caused a fight to require lactation credentialing for OB nurses.
“We got so much backlash not only from administration but from OB nurses themselves,” Richter recounts. “Some OB nurses took no ownership of lactation. ‘That’s the lactation counselors’ job,’ they would claim.”
In this culture, Richter pointed out that trauma nurses are required to be trauma certified, oncology nurses are required to be oncology certified; why were OB nurses not required to be certified in lactation when it’s such a large portion of their work?
“It was a bit of an eye opener,” Richter says.
Retrieved from ALPP. Used with permission.
Now almost all hospital OB nurses need to be certified within the first one to two years of hire, and Richter says she’s encouraged by the ever-increasing number of OB nurses she speaks with weekly who are seeking breastfeeding certification and are supported by their department managers.
As for physicians certified in lactation, an already developed template existed. The state of Illinois had issued a Perinatal state wide initiative to mandate that all anesthesiologists caring for pregnant patients were to be certified in Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP). All obstetricians soon followed. Richter says her wish would be that the template could extend to mandating lactation credentials to all professionals caring for pregnant and breastfeeding families.
Another bright spot Richter’s noticed are the larger, private sector industry and private employers in the Midwest offering adequate workplace lactation accommodations and services that go beyond what is mandated by law.
Moreover, Richter continues to be impressed by the work that the United States Breastfeeding Committee (USBC) is doing, namely increasing momentum for workplace protections across the nation.
Though she adds, “The spirit is really strong, but the body is really weak. Getting the body to make the decisions and the policies is difficult.”
Retrieved from ALPP. Used with permission.
Yet another area of encouragement is the inroad made into the recognition of perinatal mood disorders (PMD). Acknowledging that there is always room for improvement, Richter extols the improvements in detection, treatment and the lightened stigma around PMDs.
Richter shares on a final note that while maternal child health issues have been largely well promoted and mostly supported in the last decade, she hopes to see more emphasis and energy put into the protection leg of the triad. That will require involvement in the work of policy change at the institution, community, state and national level. Policy development and change is the first stepping stone, she advises.
“Do not be afraid of policies, because policies have power,” Richter states. “Get involved and find your place at the decision making table.That’s your homework assignment for the year!”
